This ghazal is in a 'short meter '; multivalent exclamations and other such phrases are especially convenient when the poet has such a relatively tight space to work in. (Enjambment is the exception rather than the rule in the ghazal.) Another 'short meter' example: 51 . This verse-- like many of the verses in this ghazal-- is an example of extreme use of techniques. This is a kind of verse that's radically untranslatable; see 20,10 for further discussion. Above all, this verse, like the other verses in this ghazal, relies on the astonishing-- unparallelled (in English and probably many other languages as well)-- flexibility of ; for more on this, see 15,10 . Since is the refrain of the ghazal, to take some kind of advantage of its possibilities is a no-brainer. Every single verse does so. And as if to highlight the importance of its role , the second lines of 21,3 , 21,4 , 21,6 , 21,7 , 21,9 , 21,10 , 21,12 , and (triply) 21,13 contain absolutely nothing except linkages of nouns, and . It should be noted, however, that is not some cheap-thrills device that always generates wildly proliferating meanings all over the place. On the contrary: Ghalib uses it with complete control: for one of many counterexamples in which stays in the background and behaves like a lamb, generating exactly one meaning, see 22,4 . As usual, the commentators concentrate on sorting out their favorite one (or at the most two) of the numerous possible interpretations. Yet each of the two lines unquestionably gives us three meanings to work with (an enthusiastically affirmative exclamation, a scornfully negative exclamation, and a genuine question), and thus a (theoretical) total of nine when multiplied together, though of course they don't all work equally well. There's also the 'A,B' question of the relationship of the two lines to each other. Is the verse a reflection on the nature and scope of desire, with an illustration or 'proof' drawn from the knowledge of death? Or is it a reflection on life and death, with an illustration or 'proof' drawn from the nature and scope of desire? I won't take the space here to diagram out all these permutations, or to repeat my spiel about 'meaning generators' (see 15,10 for more). But I do want to point out one possibility that no commentator has, as far as I am aware, even considered: that maybe the only thing that makes life pleasant is not the sad certainty of losing it before too long, but the joyous certainty of getting out of it before too long. Along the same lines, there's Mir 's M 1740,9 , with its three interpretations based on , and its concern about the pleasurableness(?) of life; I've discussed it in Nets of Awareness , Chapter 8, p. 107. Basing the verse on a word like , rather than or or one of the other usual suspects, is also a good tactic, because the range of specifically includes lust and desire of low-class sorts, rather than merely the high-flown lover's repertoire. The person with doesn't necessarily want to sacrifice himself in some tortuous or rarefied way for his beloved, or for passion itself, as the lover does. The person with , the , probably wants whatever he wants and he wants it now. Such a person is really all of us, of course. So we are all fed into the guts of this little 'meaning generator', and forced into realizations that, though varied, are mostly painful. But in 21,5 we revisit the nature of , and it's quite possible for it to acquire a surprising dignity. For a clearer example of a positively valued usage, see 112,6 . Compare Mir 's meditation on a similar theme: M 721,1 . graphics/lustdeath.jpg