This verse lays a clever trap; all the commentators I've read (and not just the ones cited above) have cheerfully walked into it and set up housekeeping. Obviously can be a formal address to 'you', the beloved, which is how all the commentators read it. But it can also mean 'oneself'. For an example of meaning 'we ourself', see 60,7 . For a very clear example of alone meaning 'we ourself', see 17,3 . Other than the sheer argument-from-Ghalibness for the double meaning of , there are two other strong clues to this reading. The more readily noticeable is the cleverly complex word , which happens to have exactly the right two meanings: both retaliation (so that it can mean punishment for a tyrant) and recompense (so that it can mean compensation for a victim of tyranny). But actually, the clue that first struck me was the ponderously vague awkwardness of , when words like Rival , Other , etc. are so much more normal in such a slot. Only the obtrusive ambiguity of 'one more person' leaves full room for both anybody the beloved might love, and anybody the lover might love-- while also calling attention to itself, to alert us to both readings. For another verse that plays with the idea of taking another lover, see 65,1 . For more on the beloved falling in love herself, see 13,2 . How does the lover find his 'recompense'? No doubt through the sheer vengeful pleasure of seeing the beloved's anger and frustration at losing her faithful, long-mistreated slave. Do we dare imagine that he might have found someone more kind and affectionate to love? No, we can't really believe in that-- not in the world of the ghazal. If he thinks so, it's only because he hasn't had time to get to know her yet. In the ghazal world, beloveds are cruel almost by definition. And don't forget, the second line doesn't claim very much. It only says, perhaps even wistfully, that some recompense 'is needed'. graphics/jealousy.jpg