Since its refrain is , this whole ghazal is a superb example of Ghalib's favorite interrogative and/or exclamatory mode of speech. The meter is so short, and the words so simple, that the verses look almost childishly plain and naive. But a faux-naïf look of feigned ignorance is, after all, one of Ghalib's enjoyable rhetorical devices. (Remember how Socrates begins his speech in the ' Apology ' by claiming to be just a simple, humble man with only everyday speech at his disposal, and with no command over rhetorical tricks.) The greater part of the ghazal takes full advantage of the rhetorical possibilities of ; only toward the end of the ghazal are 162,8 and the three verses that follow it content to use more simply. In this opening-verse , both lines are interrogative. And they're about as open-ended as it's possible to be. To ask 'what has happened to you?' can invite an answer involving evil or good, criminality or victimization, volition or helplessness, an event or a mood or an anecdote or a long string of any or all of them, or even a denial that anything has happened at all. Thus it's an elegant further ambiguity to address the heart as -- an adjective that allows for it to be either an innocent, simple-minded victim, or a foolish, wrong-headed maker of bad choices. Or it might merely be an unduly involved observer-- one who naively suffers over the human condition without having the slightest power to control it. And then, as so often, we're forced to make our own connection between the lines, since none is provided or even suggested. Most crucially, is either of the two questions rhetorical, or both, or neither? Nazm to the contrary, all possibilities are open here. Either or both questions are the kind that could be asked out of genuine ignorance, or rueful sympathy, at least as readily as sarcastically or scoldingly. Are both lines addressed, as a set, to the heart, or is the second line an independent, private meditation? The presence of suggests a kind of distancing, a kind of summing up, that might imply a separate status for the second line. But what is it summing up, what kind of experience or story or evidence? We're left to imagine it for ourselves. Is 'this pain' one inflicted by the heart, or one inflicted on the heart, or simply one that the heart observes with a painful degree of compassion? Of course idiomatically means something like 'after all'-- it works as a rhetorical summation or persuasive appeal. But its literal meaning is 'finally' or 'in the end', so that the second line also inquires about the ultimate cure for such a pain-- a cure that, in the ghazal world, can only be death. Thus the first line can be read as reacting to the pain of the beginning of love, while the second line already looks ahead to its only possible end. Thus with every reading of this verse, we're forced to give it a tone, and that tone is one possible instantiation of its wildly multivalent range of possibilities. We might beg for closure, for guidance-- but we know we aren't going to get any 'cure' for the pain of this particular kind of angst. graphics/heart.jpg